http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk daily 0.75 2015-04-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2015/2/16/neurotalk-podcast-season-3-archive monthly 0.5 2015-04-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2014/1/14/brains-and-bourbon-archive monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389749261603-6S4ZCJH3263OPTP645T3/BrainsBourbon-470x140.png Neurotalk - Brains and Bourbon Archive http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2014/1/14/neurotalk-podcast-season-2-archive monthly 0.5 2015-04-14 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2014/1/14/neurotalk-podcast-season-1-archive monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2014/1/14/peter-crino-s2e10 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/2014/1/14/kathleen-cullen-s2e9 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/category/NeuroTalk monthly 0.5 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/category/Brains+and+Bourbon monthly 0.5 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/tag/neurotalk monthly 0.5 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/tag/Brains+and+Bourbon monthly 0.5 http://www.neuwritewest.org/neurotalk/tag/SNI monthly 0.5 http://www.neuwritewest.org/sqsp-test daily 0.75 2015-04-22 http://www.neuwritewest.org/sqsp-test/example-3 monthly 0.5 2015-04-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429703535804-Y5IV90G005E18QNEGFES/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429703737874-U41JZG8F6KGOLQMVDRM4/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 3 http://www.neuwritewest.org/sqsp-test/example-1 monthly 0.5 2015-04-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429703063190-0FCUIH7P1GHB7QB7ARXK/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429703160211-VH88U2FNZLNK6I4C6YUK/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 1 http://www.neuwritewest.org/sqsp-test/example-2 monthly 0.5 2015-04-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429701598659-AISU9FK57NPUPVX1LCKH/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429701624908-WPZDXP51PRH19Y5UR98T/image-asset.png SQSP Test - SQSP Example 2 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog daily 1.0 2025-02-27 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/v5bauoyvwga7umbn8kyu27ye4uza35 monthly 0.5 2024-05-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/5ca4a0fc-f8dd-4828-9cb4-432589590561/Picture1.jpg Neuroblog - A novel microRNA shapes development of cortical projection neurons - Make it stand out Figure 1. Corticospinal motor neurons and callosal projection neurons arise from the same progenitor but project their axons to different locations. Peak production of corticospinal motor neurons occurs on embryonic day 13.5. Peak production of callosal projection neurons occurs on embryonic day 15.5, but the production of callosal projection neurons overlaps significantly with corticospinal motor neurons on E13.5. After birth, by postnatal day 4, callosal projection neurons create the corpus callosum by projecting their axons to the opposite hemisphere and corticospinal motor neurons create the corticospinal tract by projecting their axons towards the spinal cord. E = embryonic day, P = postnatal day, CSMN = corticospinal motor neurons, CPN = callosal projection neurons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/9cde8efe-f228-40aa-b3c6-7a9674c6ea23/Picture1.png Neuroblog - A novel microRNA shapes development of cortical projection neurons - Make it stand out Figure 2. miR-409-3p promotes corticospinal motor neurons by repressing LMO4. LMO4 is a transcription factor that promotes callosal projection neuron development. miR-409-3p is known to be highly expressed in corticospinal motor neurons relative to callosal projection neurons by postnatal day 1. The overexpression of miR-409-3p decreases LMO4 expression and promotes corticospinal motor neuron expression. IPC = intermediate progenitor cells, RGC = radial glial cells, CSMN = corticospinal motor neurons, CPN = callosal projection neurons. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/xrj7j8b39fk85j838zgdn1hhjhc2fq monthly 0.5 2024-03-18 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/h8z235g14yr8uhxa5c307sh3jjku95 monthly 0.5 2023-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/53756b50-36ae-4a39-8f98-3c2028e0778c/image.png Neuroblog - Shedding new light on single cell transcriptomics - Make it stand out Figure 1. Light-Seq leverages unique patterns of light to select regions or cells for barcoding. Once barcoded, cells from selected areas can be genetically profiled using existing sequencing techniques. Subsequently, the same tissue or sample can be used for additional assays such as immunofluorescent staining. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-effects-of-mdma-assisted-therapy-for-treatment-of-severe-ptsd monthly 0.5 2023-08-18 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-different-thirst-neurons-and-why-we-sometimes-prefer-water-over-gatorade monthly 0.5 2023-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/888b274e-52b1-4f69-99ec-9fa6608631e6/Picture1.png Neuroblog - The different thirst neurons (and why we sometimes prefer water over Gatorade) - Make it stand out Figure 1. Depending on whether the mouse is experiencing osmotic or hypovolemic thirst, different populations of neurons are activated leading to craving of either pure water or water with salts. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/love-will-carry-on-the-oxytocin-system-and-social-behavior monthly 0.5 2023-05-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/cb6867c8-e0e3-4e8b-8b9b-e82881bdfb00/NeuWrite+figure.png Neuroblog - Love Will Carry On: the oxytocin system and social behavior - Make it stand out Figure 1. Prairie voles lacking the oxytocin receptor demonstrate intact pair bonding, childbirth, and parenting behaviors. They also show partially intact nursing behaviors. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/unraveling-the-mysteries-behind-enhanced-physical-performance monthly 0.5 2023-05-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/c1b0e319-e109-453f-bc5d-e1b0ffac585a/Piezo1_neuwrite+article.jpg Neuroblog - Unraveling the Mysteries Behind Enhanced Physical Performance - Make it stand out Figure 1. Representative images of both wild-type and mutant mice performing in the long jump test. This Piezo1 tendon-specific mutation, R2482H, enhances the jumping ability of mice. Image from Nakamichi et al. 2022 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/can-the-flu-affect-our-brain monthly 0.5 2023-04-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/3e769ad9-056f-43ea-be34-b51367ea6b29/Jurgens+Figure+Neuwrite+v2.png Neuroblog - Can the flu affect our brain? - Make it stand out Figure 1: Influenza infection in adult mice resulted in cognitive impairment during a memory task, increased microglia reactivity, increased levels of pro-inflammatory proteins, and altered morphology of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-role-of-glia-and-immune-cells-in-trigeminal-nerve-pain monthly 0.5 2023-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/92d11cb5-e974-4549-b6cb-943febffddb3/image004.png Neuroblog - The role of glia and immune cells in trigeminal nerve pain - Make it stand out Figure 1: Left: Image depicting normal anatomy around the trigeminal root entry zone (TREZ). Right: Apparent vascular compression in the trigeminal root entry zone (TREZ). Adapted from A. M. Kaufmann & M. Patel, Centre for Cranial Nerve Disorders https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/597bbd5c-f1d0-418a-9435-b089f234c23c/image001.png Neuroblog - The role of glia and immune cells in trigeminal nerve pain - Make it stand out Figure 2: IHC of A1- and A2-reactive astrocytes in the TREZ on POD 28. (a–c) and (g–i) Reactive astrocytes in the TREZ in the two groups. (d, j) show GFAP/ C3-positive A1 astrocytes in the TREZ. (c, k) show GFAP/S100A10-positive A2 astrocytes in the TREZ. (f, l) show triple positive cells (GFAP, C3 and S100A10). (d1–f1) and (j1–l1) show the higher magnification of (d–f) and (j–l). (a–l). scale bar=100 μm. (d1–f1, j1–l1), scale bar=50 μm. Adapted from Lin, J. et al. Sci. Rep. 2021 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/shaping-adolescent-behavior-the-role-of-brain-immune-cells monthly 0.5 2023-03-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/6532cba0-12b5-4914-aa98-2f503305d587/Figure+1+Draft+2.png Neuroblog - Shaping Adolescent Behavior: The Role of Brain Immune Cells - Make it stand out Figure 1: In male rats, microglia C3R recognize dopaminergic D1r synapses tagged with the complement protein C3 and eliminate them. The elimination of dopaminergic synapses during adolescence results in a decrease in social play behavior in male rats. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotransmitter-episode-1-what-is-a-neuroscientist monthly 0.5 2025-02-27 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/tracking-time-and-space-how-the-brain-records-memories monthly 0.5 2021-05-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1620851077136-FKBRU2V4GV91Z0596GV9/Unknown.jpeg Neuroblog - Tracking time and space: how the brain records memories - Make it stand out Figure 1: Schematic of the mouse behavioral task https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1620851201089-HSBKNSSHYVZN49CFZEPO/Unknown-1.jpeg Neuroblog - Tracking time and space: how the brain records memories - Make it stand out Figure 2A-B. Turning off CA2 inputs disrupts how time but not place sequences are represented by groups of neurons. Each row is a neuron that fired most at a specific time (A) or place (B), sorted by time (A) or by position in the loop (B) shown in the columns. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/pain-from-your-second-brain monthly 0.5 2021-04-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1619743043755-IZHSHBTRQWETZ6UG8U6R/Picture1.png Neuroblog - Pain From Your Second Brain Figure 1. Model of communication between enteric glia cells and macrophages that lead to our perception of pain in the gut. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/unsung-heroes-are-immune-cells-protecting-us-from-more-than-just-pathogens monthly 0.5 2021-04-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1618622980123-UP2TJGCLKHRFYHGTHOL4/pic4.jpg Neuroblog - Unsung Heroes: Are immune cells protecting us from more than just pathogens? Fig 1. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice (Tcrd-/-) show more exploration of open unprotected areas in the elevated plus maze (a) and open field task (b), indicating lower anxiety. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/ibogalogs-drug-discovery-and-the-new-psychedelic-era monthly 0.5 2021-04-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1618622293347-12OTFDBB233OL3H9BH0E/Picture1.png Neuroblog - Ibogalogs, Drug Discovery, and the New Psychedelic Era http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/turning-back-the-clock-reversing-aging-to-restore-sight monthly 0.5 2021-02-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1613710194761-OPAEZ5NRYZNHUE71HN5Y/Untitled.png Neuroblog - Turning back the clock: reversing aging to restore sight Figure 1. OSK improves recovery from an RGC axon crush injury (crush site starred) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/rzh89rjhcen1srmha2oikq2mbjps3f monthly 0.5 2021-02-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1612762540291-MVX7O778HB99RFQVZ7Y7/Screen+Shot+2021-01-25+at+3.03.22+PM.png Neuroblog - If your fingers could taste, smell and touch: chemotactile sensation in the octopus Left: An image of an octopus used in this study Right: A zoomed in view of a single octopus sucker http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/brain-cancer-can-talk-and-talking-can-help-it-grow monthly 0.5 2021-02-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1612763904456-HJZ62WBVP96DC7YZKJH5/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.53.12+PM.png Neuroblog - Brain cancer can talk, and talking can help it grow Figure 1. The electron microscope image on the left shows a synapse (pink) right next to a glioma cell (green). The graph on right shows that around 10% of glioma cells had a synaptic structure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1612763914329-WGIL41KQERKEPA8VTJFK/Screen+Shot+2021-02-07+at+9.53.27+PM.png Neuroblog - Brain cancer can talk, and talking can help it grow Figure 2. The graph on the left shows that electrically stimulating the glioma cells leads to more proliferation, or growth, of the glioma compared to the “mock” stimulation. The images on the left show that with more stimulation, there are more tumor cells (bright white spots). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-does-our-brains-activity-shape-behavior monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1595003870195-D9BPKMO8MS2ME4J2IZTA/Picture1.png Neuroblog - How does our brain’s activity shape behavior? Figure 1:In the top row, color corresponds to the number of neurons observed across animals that are correlated with (top left) an exploitation state, characterized by finer locomotion that improves hunting abilities, or (top right) an exploration state, characterized by swimming across long distances in search of food. The bottom row visualizes the same data, but only including neurons that are statistically significant. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-our-language-for-the-brain monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1588872839953-4R20XANCOCVC0XH3OD9C/baby_graphic.jpg Neuroblog - A brief history of our language for the brain: Vocabulary, dictionary, and poetry http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/what-inner-feelings-do-flies-sing monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1586216804724-4ZJDL1MRS1YLDVPYIXVG/fly_states.jpg Neuroblog - What inner feelings do flies sing? Figure 1: Schematic of the hypothesis that an identical courtship situation might elicit different male songs depending on the male’s internal state. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1586216967063-LUE87VTEW2X8D4ON5X9Z/model_predictions.jpg Neuroblog - What inner feelings do flies sing? Figure 2: Example of a recorded fly song and its model predictions using 1 state and 3 states. Colors indicate different song modes in the recording and in the predictions. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-tug-of-war-of-memory monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1586211966865-XXF566C40TLZKFFTV1IW/HPC_schematic.jpg Neuroblog - The tug-of-war of memory: pattern completion and pattern separation in the brain Figure 1: Schematic of the mouse hippocampus. Dentate gyrus connects to CA3, which connects to CA1. Each region is hypothesized to perform a different task: DG may perform pattern separation, CA3 may perform pattern completion, and CA1 may consolidate these reports and send them off for a final decision. (Adapted from De Michele 2015.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1586212161055-11KA6LDUK8AH1JF1WD5W/2_environments.jpg Neuroblog - The tug-of-war of memory: pattern completion and pattern separation in the brain Figure 2: Familiar and novel environments from Allegra et al., 2019. Note the different stripe orientations and reward locations. These environments should be distinguishable via pattern separation. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/grit-fuels-the-cognitive-engine-on-the-road-to-success monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1581960841219-KAZRY4V4YT33Y6NWY3ZN/flora_fig.001.jpeg Neuroblog - Grit Fuels the Cognitive Engine on the Road to Success http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/tutoring-can-help-with-thinking-smarter-not-harder monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1581279601449-ZMU0H2RR9G06ZVMXPOQU/hernandez_fig1.jpg Neuroblog - Tutoring can help with thinking smarter, not harder https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1581279630400-F0RJW1QZ8R91NK75S1FH/hernandez_fig2.jpg Neuroblog - Tutoring can help with thinking smarter, not harder http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/male-vs-female-brains monthly 0.5 2019-12-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1577730069245-K644699X09V2J1DDQV4T/MaleVSFemaleTypical.jpg Neuroblog - Male versus female brains: persistent myth or inconvenient truth? Figure 1: The procedure that the authors used to decide which sizes were “male-typical,” which sizes were “female-typical,” and which were “intermediate” for a given brain region. Note that many women had male-typical sizes, and vice versa. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1577730214643-MPHU6GD3KF90964CS5JJ/MosaicBrains.png Neuroblog - Male versus female brains: persistent myth or inconvenient truth? Figure 2: A representation of the consistency (or lack thereof) in sex-typical brain region size for all of the participants in the study. Whereas only 6% of participants showed “internal consistency”—that is, all of their brain regions were either “male-typical” or “female-typical”—35% showed what the authors characterized as “substantial variability,” which meant that some of their brain regions were “male-typical” and others were “female-typical.” In this figure, blue indicates “male-typical” regions, pink indicates “female-typical” regions, and white indicates regions that are neither “male-typical” nor “female-typical.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1577730463735-4F9H87NVAK26C6T7ZWW1/StatisticalSeparability.png Neuroblog - Male versus female brains: persistent myth or inconvenient truth? Figure 3: A demonstration of how multiple variables can be used together to separate groups, even when the groups show substantial overlap when the variables are taken individually. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-the-brain-learns-to-learn monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/uncovering-the-control-of-speech-and-song monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1560458219255-ED5S6P827GLDAO3VQOFA/graphical%2Babstract.jpg Neuroblog - Uncovering the Control of Speech and Song Figure 1: In this study, the authors found that increases in synchronous neuronal activity in the dorsal lateral motor cortex (dLMC) control pitch by increasing tension of the vocal folds in the larynx. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1560455506910-URS9ZVLVP3M2N27VCSB0/brains+and+task.PNG Neuroblog - Uncovering the Control of Speech and Song Figure 2: Each of the subjects recruited for this study had an electrode array (cross-hatching) implanted over their laryngeal motor cortex, the part of the brain thought to control speech and song. Participants were asked to repeat a sentence, emphasizing a different word each time (bold). The green lines show how the pitch contour of the sentence changes with different word emphasis. The black dots represent the activity of neurons recorded from the arrays. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/octopuses monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1558203578087-9E6DHZUAUPEFDY0DG3TM/Picture1.png Neuroblog - How Octopuses Make Friends http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/your-brain-comes-with-noise-cancelling monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1556560914644-BS3D32SO5KQ8R5SCRS08/fig1.jpg Neuroblog - Your Brain Comes with Noise Canceling Figure 1: Mice run on a treadmill with tone pips synced to their speed, such that they learn to associate a particular tone with their own running and tune it out. (from Figure 1a of Schneider et al.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1556561086876-F911CKD6FYF7RLVF1YWJ/fig2.jpg Neuroblog - Your Brain Comes with Noise Canceling Figure 2: Schematic of the authors’ findings. Triangles represent excitatory neurons in auditory cortex, which each respond to a particular pitch. Circles represent inhibitory neurons in auditory cortex, which suppress responses to particular pitches. During periods of locomotion, excitatory output from the motor cortex (M2) activates inhibitory neurons within the auditory cortex (A1). The A1 inhibitory neurons in turn inhibit neurons that, during rest, respond selectively to the sound paired with locomotion (e.g. 4 kHz tone pips). M2-driven activation of A1 inhibitory neurons is tuned to the paired sound. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-mysterious-function-of-a-neuronal-echo monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1555271389067-IFY4Q2P46RSRCF92JPAO/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg Neuroblog - The Mysterious Function of a Neuronal Echo Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1555270778226-HXI1V5XB1A39EPYYLEO7/Slide1.jpg Neuroblog - The Mysterious Function of a Neuronal Echo Figure 1: Clusters of neurons act as unique stamps for memories Small groups of neurons become active together during a particular memory, like when this mouse receives a footshock (A, yellow). Researchers can use IEGs to label these neurons and reactivate them, causing the brain to “remember” it’s prior experiences (B). In this case, when one group of neurons is turned on, the mouse recalls the footshock and freezes in fear. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1555270851996-4AJZDC0GEACD5IK9P9P3/Slide2.jpg Neuroblog - The Mysterious Function of a Neuronal Echo Figure 2: When mice explore rich sensory environments, they express more NPAS4 Mice exploring a rich sensory environment, with lots of new toys, form stronger connections between groups of neurons as they learn and build new memories. Active neurons in this enriched environment express more of the immediate early gene transcription factor, NPAS4. (Adapted from Hartzell et al, 2018) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1555270939225-C620BPAZFZ7FZNERQHWN/Slide3.jpg Neuroblog - The Mysterious Function of a Neuronal Echo Figure 3: NPAS4 helps strengthen connections between cells NPAS4 is important for forging stronger connections between particularly active neurons during learning and memory formation. Dr. Bloodgood’s group measured the strength of connections between neurons (A) and used recording electrodes to determine the size of the messages passing between them (B). Normally, an enriched environment enhances the strength of messages and connections between neurons (blue boxes), as mice form new memories of the toys. Neurons without NPAS4 (green bar and traces) don’t form these extra strong connections anymore. (Adapted from Hartzell et al, 2018) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/rna-transmission-between-brain-cells monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1553715022901-E0XUEYU6YZ7O5D2A6J2P/virus_img.jpg Neuroblog - RNA transmission between brain cells A colorful depiction of a virus, some of which contain genes that resemble the unusual Arc genes in neurons. Copyright CC0 1.0 Universal. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/can-we-reverse-engineer-the-brain-like-a-computer monthly 0.5 2019-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1553644296105-EMELMSDMN91IRFS3Q3JB/FishBrain.PNG Neuroblog - Can we reverse engineer the brain like a computer? Figure 1: Neuroscientist Nikita Vladimirov and colleagues combine a sophisticated technique with a clever behavioral task to investigate the larval zebrafish brain. By moving spatial gratings forwards or backwards under the animal, the scientists simulated the feeling of moving water, driving the zebrafish to try to swim to stay in place. While the animal was swimming, the scientists watched as thousands of neurons in the brain changed their activity. They could then relate particular activity patterns to particular behaviors—for example, here all the neurons related to forward velocity are colored white, backward velocity are blue, and swimming are red. In this way, the scientists could see how different parts of the brain might contribute to particular behaviors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1553644656459-VXISDVZYJL63T3EOMKO3/LogicGates.PNG Neuroblog - Can we reverse engineer the brain like a computer? Figure 2: Computer processors can be understood in terms of logic gates; i.e. what operation each small group of transistors performs. Is it possible to conceptualize neurons of the brain in the same way? http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/using-a-brain-computer-interface-to-probe-neural-redundancy monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/vfcksm1qltqznb202ra6lqxp3vdh0s monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1552427860206-W537ROA15DNZBS8R1MLY/Pablo_Picasso%2C_1901-02%2C_Femme_aux_Bras_Croisee%CC%87s%2C_Woman_with_Folded_Arms_%28Madchenbildnis%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_81_%C3%97_58_cm_%2832_%C3%97_23_in%29-3.jpg Neuroblog - In Search of a Better Treatment for Depression https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1552427802844-H9FDQJNE81OJF2JYKPT8/unnamed.png Neuroblog - In Search of a Better Treatment for Depression http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/theres-more-to-metabolism-than-glucose-and-atp monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549858181215-4MHNGPIU2PRDP464T50Q/Multicolor_fluorescence_image_of_a_living_PC-12_cell.jpeg Neuroblog - There's more to metabolism than glucose and ATP A neuroendocrine tumor cell stained to show the cell’s microtubule structure (green), the cell nucleus (blue), and its many mitochondria (red). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549859091918-1OAP1SBJX0I36K4LSDQL/Human_Metabolism_-_Pathways.jpg Neuroblog - There's more to metabolism than glucose and ATP A diagram of the major pathways involved in metabolism. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549859269167-LKGXM0J1B3W6VG4SMA0V/article6a.gif Neuroblog - There's more to metabolism than glucose and ATP The energy-hungry brain contains made of many different types of cells, and all of these might have unique strategies for meeting their energy needs. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/finding-the-right-balance-ampa-receptor-palmitoylation-regulates-network-excitability monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1550879257905-7JWKH6L3KED197QY6F9P/SofiaEP.png Neuroblog - Finding the Right Balance: AMPA Receptor Palmitoylation Regulates Network Excitability Figure 1: LTP normally promotes AMPAR insertion at the synapse; mutating the site of GluA1 palmitoylation prevents the removal of AMPAR, leading to neurons with greater sensitivity to seizure-inducing activity (adapted from Itoh et al., 2018 Figure 10). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-does-the-eye-talk-to-the-brain monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1550800290688-NPYFYZRJI0IJIHKBH03M/KathyHeng_EyePathaway.png Neuroblog - How does the eye talk to the brain? http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-human-circuit-1 monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549689193648-Q6N4IK60NL6MBB6FJOXV/image1.png Neuroblog - The human circuit Figure: Rosehip cell synapsing on pyramidal cell apical dendrite in Layer I http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-could-a-brain-detect-a-magnetic-field monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549687863199-CJLEHSQALBLN3RZFYIY0/37043667071_b3e606e620_b.jpg Neuroblog - How might a brain detect magnetic fields? Roosting monarch butterflies. Image courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1549687597258-56EGZUS9JWV6G7KB7X98/image002.jpg Neuroblog - How might a brain detect magnetic fields? Each year, the monarch butterflies migrate between Canada, the US, and Mexico. Image courtesy the Reppert Lab. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-brain-rhythms-of-focused-attention monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1546637577741-63ZOCY2ANHJUNL3K6QUI/fig1.PNG Neuroblog - The brain rhythms of focused attention and… is that my phone? Figure 1: Attention Game Involving Sharp Focus and Broad Awareness. To play this game, a player fixes their eyes on the square in the center of the screen, and is given a “spatial cue” signaling where a target (a dim light) is likely to appear (one of the four corners of the screen). The cue then disappears, and players focus their attention on the cued area in anticipation of the dim light target. When the target appears, players press a button to indicate that they detected it. Once in a while, the cue will incorrectly indicate the wrong area, and the dim light will appear in one of the other four corners, so players must balance sharp focus with broad awareness to play this game well. (adapted from Fiebelkorn, 2018) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1546637738244-L6NH8O5TODUQRQHS0XZW/fig2.PNG Neuroblog - The brain rhythms of focused attention and… is that my phone? Figure 2: Attention Fluctuates Between Focused and Unfocused States. As players attempted to balance sharp focus and broad awareness in the game described in Figure 1, researchers noticed attention fluctuated between focused states (where the target dim light was detected) and unfocused states (where the target was missed, also known as a “lapse” of attention). Depending on when the target appeared relative to the cue, players were more or less likely to detect it. (adapted from Fiebelkorn, 2018) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/back-to-basics-with-visual-feedbacks monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1545095663098-HQKLD9TNHWOS0DASFQJC/dogs-in-ghost-halloween-costumes.jpg Neuroblog - Back to Basics with Visual Feedbacks Image courtesy goodfreephotos.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1545095243206-1WZPC7ELJDAD2Y49L5K2/image001.png Neuroblog - Back to Basics with Visual Feedbacks Diagram 1: A) A schematic of 3 neurons in primary visual cortex, V1. B) An example visual input, the spider-dog. The circles labeled 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the parts of the image that each neuron in (A) responds to. C) An LM neuron receiving feedforward inputs from V1 (grey lines) and sending feedback projections (green lines) back to a subset of V1 neurons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1545095306546-2CSQ9PB3LCII773VVBW6/image002.png Neuroblog - Back to Basics with Visual Feedbacks Diagram 2: Filtering source LM neurons by orientation preference reveals systematic patterns in the region of V1 they project to. Adapted from Figure 5. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/zcd6z547rh5yohjdsfkrt1otrq9ici monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1543963513007-CGRB1K6DCNB6660C5I44/elife-36781-fig1-v3.jpg Neuroblog - The cerebellum – the brain’s built-in thought editor? Figure 1. Graphics show the experimental setup that the researchers used. (A) In each trial, two streams of random, temporally Poisson-distributed air puffs were delivered to the left and right whiskers. After a delay, mice licked one of two lick ports indicating the side with more cumulative puffs to receive a water reward. Gray-shaded regions from left to right: cue period, delay, intertrial interval. Decision lick: first detected lick after the delay. Source: Deverett et al., 2018. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/resolving-conflict-in-the-medial-frontal-cortex-through-hierarchical-meta-analysis monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1542248383944-DXGUUYWXPBA796AHWBMF/Page_showing_illustration_of_the_brain_Wellcome_L0041062.jpg Neuroblog - Resolving conflict in the medial frontal cortex Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1542247916979-R35636CJ5R5TBKF6WQRB/image001.png Neuroblog - Resolving conflict in the medial frontal cortex Figure A. The hierarchical design employed by Kragel et al. compares the similarity of activation patterns in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) between subjects within two studies (S1 and S2), studies within subdomains, and subdomains within domains. The anatomical parcellation from Kragel et al. illustrates how the MFC was split into six sub-regions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1542248009436-4RQ7XIWKME7NANRIIH2L/image004.png Neuroblog - Resolving conflict in the medial frontal cortex Figure B. Neurosynth topics involving pain, negative affect, and cognitive control all predict activation within the MFC (blue), but only pain and negative affect are predicted by activation in the same areas (red). Topics were selected from the 50-topic solution. The MFC is outlined in white. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-might-electrical-signaling-in-bacteria-inform-neuroscience-pygxb monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1542247150565-SYM0ETNCQGVJ4VZVIOOJ/Bacillus_subtilis_swarm.jpg Neuroblog - How might electrical signaling in bacteria inform neuroscience? A swarm of Bacillus subtilis, whose electrical activity can force distant neighbors to join a biofilm. Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/erasing-a-memory-with-light monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1537050009680-PTUJ16U43P55I98ZHSE3/0915_melander.png Neuroblog - Erasing a memory with light http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-conscious-computer-insights-at-the-intersection-of-philosophy-and-neuroscience monthly 0.5 2018-11-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1542246349333-JLK0U20MXS95VAIZVCZ4/Tupac_supercomputadora.jpg Neuroblog - What does it mean to represent? A semantic challenge for computational neuroscience. Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1537047778831-HEZLESXWIMM4UBLWNYLD/Screen+Shot+2018-09-15+at+2.42.45+PM.png Neuroblog - What does it mean to represent? A semantic challenge for computational neuroscience. Figure A: comparison of experimental and model-derived spatial gain fields. Left: spatial gain field for a PPC neuron. Right: spatial gain field for a hidden layer unit in the model. Modified from Figure 1C and Figure 3c of Zipser and Andersen (1988). Spatial gain fields were calculated as follows: the outer circle represents the total activity after stimulus presentation. The outer circle minus the background activity during the 500ms before the stimulus presentation when the monkey was only fixating at a point yields the black circle. The black circle represents the activity due to visual inputs only. The annulus represents the activity due to eye position only. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1537048111437-J0K2SWUNQDOWSRULGE0S/Screen+Shot+2018-09-15+at+2.47.53+PM.png Neuroblog - What does it mean to represent? A semantic challenge for computational neuroscience. Figure B: comparison of experimental and model-derived receptive fields. Top: receptive field for various PPC neurons. Bottom: receptive fields various hidden layer units in the model. Modified from figure 2 and figure 5 of Zipser and Andersen (1988). To generate receptive fields, monkey fixated at a single point and was presented spot stimuli at various locations on the screen. The responses and a smooth surface was fit to the data points. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2ziwctdnh0wehgdq1iqyo3eextkrvm monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-the-brain-helps-songbirds-work-together monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1532840457958-QSVX9JJNHRNU1DQFLJ2E/unnamed.png Neuroblog - How the brain helps songbirds work together Central American wrens sing lovely, synchronized duets. Image courtesy Dr. Peter Slater and Dr. Nigel Mann. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1532840633966-KTIS57800SQKKF26MML8/unnamed-2.png Neuroblog - How the brain helps songbirds work together A volcano that is home to many Central American wrens that the author visited in a quest to find and record these beautiful, elusive birds. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/a-tribute-to-ben-barres monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1528406751456-83KY3BIGPBKX1G7NI59G/barres-ben.jpg Neuroblog - A tribute to Ben Barres http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/remembering-a-champion-for-justice-in-academia-and-emulating-his-approach monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1528257220675-VQTK4UE3186G8VDBG417/Ben+Barres.jpg Neuroblog - Remembering a champion for justice in academia and emulating his approach Dr. Ben Barres was a Stanford professor of neurobiology and a champion for the rights of minorities in STEM. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1528257377636-V7A399KQXC7JNNWZ81XD/IMG_20180605_193546.jpg Neuroblog - Remembering a champion for justice in academia and emulating his approach The door to Ben's office remains a testament both to the welcoming atmosphere that Ben cultivated in his own lab and to the affection his trainees bore for him. They decorated their beloved advisor's door every time he went on a trip. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/what-is-freedom-addiction monthly 0.5 2018-05-30 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/can-jumping-spiders-hear-with-their-leg-hair monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1527695179665-D2JUP8NXNRHYY0S7IM6A/jumpingSpider Neuroblog - Can jumping spiders hear with their leg hair? A Phidippus audax jumping spider in Nashville, Tennessee is ready to hear some sounds! Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/sleeping-with-the-cavefishes monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1527103950608-TAH8RY0TA3AGIIEBKTUB/elife-32637-fig1-v1+edit.jpg Neuroblog - Sleeping with the Cavefishes (A) Representative images of surface fish and Pachón cavefish (B) Sleep duration is significantly reduced in Pachón cavefish compared to surface fish (Unpaired t-test, t = 5.56, n = 26, p<0.0001). (C) Expression of hcrt normalized by GAPDH in adult whole-brain extracts is significantly enhanced in Pachón cavefish compared to surface fish. Figure taken from Jaggard et al., 2018. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/a-pathway-towards-alzheimers-disease-treatments-understanding-the-role-of-apoe-in-human-neuron-physiology monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1526273339878-2MDB2LB7HIAPUPMX41UP/Sofia_png.png Neuroblog - A Pathway Towards Alzheimer’s Disease Treatments: Understanding the Role of ApoE in Human Neuron Physiology Figure 1: Amyloid-beta plaques in brain tissue from Alzheimer’s Disease patients. Adapted from: http://bigthink.com/articles/the-brain-plaques-and-tangles-that-cause-alzheimers-disease http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/brainstem-excitation-walking monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1525554419538-XN4RR60DCR5J8ELP92Y1/WalkingMouse.jpg Neuroblog - When the Brainstem Gets Excited About Walking Source: Dorothy Sherrill, from Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1525552211020-EE26KCZN48S6XW60XMIJ/Kathy_MLR_diagram.png Neuroblog - When the Brainstem Gets Excited About Walking http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/strategies-addressing-a-chilly-climate-transform-womens-experience-relationships-and-achievement-in-engineering monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1524334461908-I0PBINA3YCYJLKEFKT4Q/TF+Lay+Summary+Chilly+Climate.PNG Neuroblog - Strategies addressing a “chilly climate” transform women’s experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering A "chilly climate" could lead women to attribute negative events, such as a poor first quarter GPA, to being ill-suited to a career in STEM. The authors asked whether presenting female engineering students with quotes normalizing a difficult transition or encouraging a balanced lifestyle could help put negative events into perspective. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1524029735163-I78S4RBSHG2EYML6R5RZ/TF+Lay+Summary+GPA.png Neuroblog - Strategies addressing a “chilly climate” transform women’s experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering Figure 1. First-year GPA, shown in percent scale. While women in male-dominated engineering majors who did not receive interventions hover close to failing grades, both intervention groups have GPAs comparable to their male peers. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/white-people-in-black-bodies-how-to-reduce-implicit-bias-for-a-long-time monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1524032113183-6H2BS83NE6EN2NRMEMB7/AK+Lay+Summary+VR.PNG Neuroblog - White People in Black Bodies: How to Reduce Implicit Bias for a Long Time White women were covered in motion-capture devices and wore a 3D virtual reality headset so that when they moved in the real world, their virtual self would move in the exact same way. The women embodied either a white- or black-skinned virtual body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1524031404287-840FC2RK271F9FTMOKYE/AK+Lay+Summary+Scores.PNG Neuroblog - White People in Black Bodies: How to Reduce Implicit Bias for a Long Time The difference between pre- and post-VR IAT scores - negative numbers indicate less bias after VR. After white women embodied black virtual bodies (blue bars), their IAT scores one week later were less biased against black people. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/randomized-controlled-trials-of-interventions-to-reduce-gender-bias-in-academic-hiring monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1523981040586-1GQJKPZN78TER3XAM614/Picture1.png Neuroblog - Randomized controlled trials of interventions to reduce gender bias in academic hiring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1523981077589-3G7S2T69HZCOFZWME3KR/Picture2.png Neuroblog - Randomized controlled trials of interventions to reduce gender bias in academic hiring http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-anxious-circuit monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1523510487662-NV7UW6TLI467Y6UOSTNG/sasi_blog_figure.png Neuroblog - The Anxious Circuit Figure 1, taken from Tae et al. 2011 Nature http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/nurturing-the-study-of-nature monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1523312832931-VV30GK2D2K16SLFCF2IW/Picture1.png Neuroblog - Nurturing the Study of Nature Figure 1: In three instances of an undergraduate biology class, the students perceived as most competent by their peers are outspoken men. Each figure represents a student. Male students are shown in green, female students are shown in orange. Students identified by their instructor as outspoken are shown with a speech bubble. Each student’s GPA is shown below the figure, with the height of the figure indicating the number of votes they received from other students. Adapted from Grunspan et al., 2016, Figure 3. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/belonging-belongings-whos-in-the-room-depends-on-whats-in-the-room monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522830032290-SHQTPUC64DOHUQSB92AA/Arielle_fig.png Neuroblog - Belonging &amp; Belongings: Who’s in the Room Depends on What’s in the Room Figure 1. Reported interest in computer science by women (N = 22) and men (N = 17) in Study 1 when sitting in a room with objects stereotypically associated with computer science or not stereotypically associated with computer science. (Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2009). Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1045-1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016239) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/1rv5nc7bz13yfyvgjgrde5i8rukdu4 monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522823769758-G4AEY838AI03XR5L4035/IL_fig1.png Neuroblog - Can we have it all? Balancing family with an academic career Figure 1: The tension between pursuing a career in academia and having a family is starkly clear when percent of faculty having biological babies (y-axis) is plotted in terms of position in the academic pipeline. Men (dark bars) wait to have babies until around their hire date as assistant professors (dashed line). Women (light bars) peak even later, waiting the 6 further years until they receive tenure. This wait and the biological age-limits on childbearing result in an imperfect overlap—fewer female faculty have babies, a phenomenon known as the “baby lag.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522825887813-I2DZ1TNI7Q2MO5C7J804/IL_fig2.png Neuroblog - Can we have it all? Balancing family with an academic career Figure 2: While men and women with children work fewer professional hours than their childless counterparts (dark blue), they work more hours over all. Women faculty with children work, on average, over 100 hours per week. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522826361940-WLHZ35880S7VE49I6ZXH/IL_fig3.png Neuroblog - Can we have it all? Balancing family with an academic career Figure 3: While balancing an academic career with having children is difficult for both men and women, the effect is felt more strongly by women. Men with young children (blue line) are as likely to start a tenure-track position as single, childless women (pink line). In contrast, married women with young children are the least likely to enter a tenure-track faculty position (red line). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/womens-visibility-in-science-and-academia monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522624433150-RI8RLY3ZX88N0Z3LVLG7/CF+Lay+Summary+Question+Behavior.PNG Neuroblog - Women’s visibility in science and academia Carter et al. found that the gender of the first person to ask a question is a large contributor to the bias in question-asking behavior. In this figure, each point represents a seminar, and its color reflects the imbalance in question-asking. Black points represent seminars with little or no imbalance, pink points represent seminars where women asked disproportionately more questions than men given the gender ratio of the audience, and blue points represent seminars where men asked disproportionately more questions than women given the gender ratio of the audience. When a man asked the first question, the rest of the questions were likely to be asked disproportionately by men. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/gender-differences-in-recommendation-letters-for-postdoctoral-fellowships-in-geoscience monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522174903797-AVT72BUG9KA86UKHGKQG/MI+Lay+Summary+Coding+Scheme.PNG Neuroblog - Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience Dutt and colleagues' coding scheme to characterize the language in over a thousand letter of recommendation for early-career scientists. Women are less likely to receive "excellent" letters describing them as "trailblazers" or "brilliant scientists," traits prized in the academic job market. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1522176528730-3VZ6LR54ON7PH6KHJE70/MI+Lay+Summary+Schmidt+Tool.PNG Neuroblog - Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience "Gendered Language in Teacher Reviews," a tool developed by Dr. Schmidt to explore gender differences in reviews from RateMyProfessor.com, shows striking differences between reviews for male (blue) and female (orange) professors. Men are more likely to be described as "brilliant" or "genius," while women are described as "helpful" or "shrill." Try it out here! http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/a-novel-neural-circuit-sapspleasure-in-model-of-depression monthly 0.5 2018-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1520564936547-6FX2ABN3ZTZ4YW1AN06Y/Konstantin_img.png Neuroblog - A Novel Neural Circuit Saps Pleasure in Model of Depression (Knowland et al. Cell 2017) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/inequality-in-stem-a-dive-into-the-data monthly 0.5 2020-08-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1519426066783-OJPKB4MQS3SIC6S8H911/F1.large.jpg Neuroblog - Inequality in STEM: A Dive Into the Data Figure from Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) depicting faculty ratings of identical research lab manager applications, either bearing the name "John" or "Jennifer" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1519428094002-BTPOXOKWZUJHKDLQCSY6/Handley2015_Exp3.jpg Neuroblog - Inequality in STEM: A Dive Into the Data Figure depicting data from Handley et al. (2015) showing ratings made by men and women of the quality of scientific abstracts. The real abstract reports gender bias in science, while the fake version of the abstract had several words altered to purport no gender bias in science. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1519428967501-CN0NNKE3KG90X45DWLII/Screen-Shot-2015-03-11-at-8.10.44-AM.png Neuroblog - Inequality in STEM: A Dive Into the Data https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1519429098542-OLC5L79GVBBXI27X5MW6/ben.jpg Neuroblog - Inequality in STEM: A Dive Into the Data http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/caution-objects-in-the-bower-may-be-smaller-than-they-appear monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1517694120934-MGFGJ9PIOMQ0SN0GS3BO/SE_forcedperspective.png Neuroblog - Caution: Objects in the Bower May Be Smaller Than They Appear Leibovitz, Annie (n.d.). 50 Brilliant Forced Perspective Photography Examples. Webneel.com. Positioning of the camera and actor make it seem as if the person is as tall as the building.. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1517694187116-RKEGJWKQBPTKIADUFWGO/SE_bowerbirdnest.png Neuroblog - Caution: Objects in the Bower May Be Smaller Than They Appear A bowerbird bower and court. Endler, Endler and Doerr 2010, Current Biology. In the left image, the rocks are arranged small to large, and in the right, large to small. Notice the difference in appearance from the female’s perspective. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/complementary-learning-systems-within-the-hippocampus-reconciling-episodic-memory-with-statistical-learning monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1517809586899-EIJL23KF0WZZQ9NYKFDZ/Nayebi_picture.png Neuroblog - Complementary Learning Systems within the Hippocampus: Reconciling Episodic Memory with Statistical Learning http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/cuttlefish-camouflage-reveals-how-they-see-the-world monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1516938136763-AOJGA18XE0H2M4P8X3OL/cuttlefish_1.png Neuroblog - Cuttlefish camouflage reveals how they see the world https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1516938218853-JJ0168ERSM4XQ3ACLDEV/cuttlefish_2.png Neuroblog - Cuttlefish camouflage reveals how they see the world https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1516938395113-N9NNQPUU09OWK1TC9UPE/cuttlefish_3.png Neuroblog - Cuttlefish camouflage reveals how they see the world http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/a-series-of-incremental-steps monthly 0.5 2018-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1516133570201-ZJA5DMN8V45HS5IJB2B7/180112+Blog+Post+Figure+VR.jpg Neuroblog - A Series of Incremental Steps: A Day in the Life of a Grad Student Minderer, M., Harvey, C. D., Donato, F. & Moser, E. I. Neuroscience: Virtual reality explored. Nature 533, 324–325 (2016) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/healing-hairs-that-help-us-hear monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1509140013887-JNBGIAYGLZJG4U5TJDHA/Ear.jpg Neuroblog - Healing hairs that help us hear Hearing in the mouse of Usher, Brigande JV (2017) Nature Biotechnology https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1509140086944-3V602HWUOY1Z4DJ3YV7Z/GeneTherapy_Ear.jpg Neuroblog - Healing hairs that help us hear Hearing in the mouse of Usher, Brigande JV (2017) Nature Biotechnology http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/axon-guidance-revisited monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1507586012364-HUY9QPP33F7GL2PN9YH5/RS_Models-01.jpg Neuroblog - Axon Guidance, Revisited http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/training-your-way-to-greater-dexterity monthly 0.5 2021-01-05 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/social-structures-influence-studies-of-sex monthly 0.5 2017-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1504286603416-484JLAN42WFQ8RZO0KDK/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Fait Non Accompli: Social Structures Influence Studies of Sex Differences Figure 1 from Allen et al. (1991), Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum, showing a representative MRI scan of a male brain (A) and a female brain (B) as well as schematics of how they measured the sizes of different parts of the corpus callosum (C-F). Although they found a difference in the "bulbosity" of the splenium (S) between males and females, observers were unable to correctly categorize images on their own at a rate higher than would occur by chance. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/ask-a-neuroscientist-neuroscience-and-robotics monthly 0.5 2017-08-31 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-do-i-become-a-neuroscientists-ask-a-neuroscientist monthly 0.5 2017-07-25 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/making-sense-of-a-mixed-up-world monthly 0.5 2017-07-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1500317688770-2MEU962CNZJ91JM09IKD/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Making sense of a mixed-up world: learning how to pay attention https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1500316839161-UTYAMIGA1ONX3AOFFOQQ/LaySummaryImage.png Neuroblog - Making sense of a mixed-up world: learning how to pay attention Three example visuals presented to subjects from Leong 2017. Participants were shown one image block including an object, person, and monument at a time. While in an fMRI scanner, they used trial-and-error to learn which image types were worthy of extra attention. Click to enlarge the photo. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/brain-transplants-are-they-possible monthly 0.5 2017-07-11 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-best-laid-schemes-of-mice-and-men monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1498021058103-UYO074EC7RM1XODWXB91/image-asset.png Neuroblog - The Best-Laid Schemes of Mice and Men. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1498021125073-78NRCWGGPA123K82A83Z/image-asset.png Neuroblog - The Best-Laid Schemes of Mice and Men. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/more-chocolate-flavored-peas-please monthly 0.5 2017-05-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492240110524-6U3AQPNG94RKPYVKV635/image-asset.png Neuroblog - More chocolate flavored peas, please Diagram of a taste bud – shows the different types of receptors that send signals to neurons for processing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492240679584-X1V2XPYSIEULV0E0Z7NT/maxresdefault.jpg Neuroblog - More chocolate flavored peas, please http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/can-electronic-tongues-change-the-future-of-taste monthly 0.5 2017-05-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492243242598-C4RQ2GZY6J51653RMMAH/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Can electronic tongues change the future of taste? http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/when-seeing-is-not-really-believing-how-neural-adaptation-can-deceive-us monthly 0.5 2017-05-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492244901870-MZ9V2YRX6OWBHTOCHE84/image-asset.png Neuroblog - When seeing is not really believing: How neural adaptation can deceive us http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/supersensors-how-the-loss-of-one-sense-impacts-the-others monthly 0.5 2017-05-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492229162212-K3IJY60B9FW4Q4K61D77/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Supersensors: How the loss of one sense impacts the others Fig. 1 In the absence of visual input, the visual cortex is used to process non-visual sensory information (Figure taken from Merabet et al., 2005). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/for-those-with-pure-word-deafness-actions-always-speak-louder-than-words monthly 0.5 2017-05-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492238008564-MTG3U1PW0AQQUSASTLP7/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - For those with pure word deafness, actions always speak louder than words Fig 1. How sound waves travel through the ear. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-ballad-of-flavor-or-why-my-mother-smells-funny monthly 0.5 2017-05-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492151549345-V2TTJ6ZX15L5SMM8MBQ2/image-asset.png Neuroblog - The ballad of flavor, or Why my mother smells funny Source photograph courtesy of Pusczcynski, reformatting and alteration preformed by author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492152166781-J565JLFT5K4UMLUPAMSE/the_ballad_of_flavor_pic2.jpg Neuroblog - The ballad of flavor, or Why my mother smells funny Fig. 2 Not all odors become smells. Nasal odors are interpreted as smell, odors inhaled through the throat are associated with taste. Photo courtesy of Amanda Greene. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/lighting-the-way-project-prakash-opens-our-eyes-to-a-world-of-humanitarian-research monthly 0.5 2017-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492149027165-3R56IEYBVSW0CM7ZKFGC/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Lighting the Way: Project Prakash Opens Our Eyes to a World of Humanitarian Research Fig. 1 A cloudy lens prevents light from reaching the back of the eye. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492149208265-MV11JV0OZYU9YTYD9QKQ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Lighting the Way: Project Prakash Opens Our Eyes to a World of Humanitarian Research Fig. 2 A newly sighted individual would identify at least six objects in this image—the shadows are interpreted as separate objects. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/our-eyes-and-brain-relationship-status-its-complicated monthly 0.5 2017-04-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492144533504-IS3JL4A8SP0D53N4DMDR/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Our eyes and brain. Relationship status: It’s complicated. Fig. 1. Eye structure and identification of the retina http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/two-sides-of-the-same-coin-msg-and-umami monthly 0.5 2017-04-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492142508624-345QB8V1NAKN5G2ZVGUQ/MSG_and_umami_pic1.png Neuroblog - Two sides of the same coin: MSG and umami https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492142124851-UL8XDNLRP3LEQB7W1RDR/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Two sides of the same coin: MSG and umami http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/have-you-ever-tasted-pain-what-we-perceive-to-be-the-taste-of-spice-is-actually-a-physiological-response-to-pain-and-heat-stimulation monthly 0.5 2017-04-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1492139121489-BZQ017R25RHULDEYKTEW/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Have you ever tasted pain? The illustration depicts the “little bumps” located on our tongues – called papillae. The front of the tongue contains smaller bumps, while the back contains larger ones. Credit: Resteck, George http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s6e1-dwight-bergles monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/discovery-of-many-new-cell-types-in-the-retina-using-real-time-imaging monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1466103943249-OGAU4BUFKJ36BTPZ420G/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Discovery of many new cell types in the retina using real-time imaging http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/barsandlines monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1465514815227-8O9U9BQ2OC02OP90C3XJ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Reading Between the Bars: How to see through figures and influence your audience Image credit: Kat Kozyrytska http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/7lxz0gemquwlnsz80vrf4ybqg2zpcu monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1464828503923-6F0PMXI3PQVW1JL81RPB/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Smell memories in the fly brain and what makes individual animals unique https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1464828661745-W2H4MDUQHZJVU8PATOAX/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Smell memories in the fly brain and what makes individual animals unique http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/g61ed52yxrywpxbnusaayundhjwx36 monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1464300882583-VXP1I1GN6H7N2KYN1H7N/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: How do different mutations in the same gene contribute to different neurological disorders? http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/watching-connections-appear-and-disappear monthly 0.5 2016-05-19 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/why-are-parts-of-the-brain-specialized monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e19-olaf-sporns monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-does-the-brain-work-in-the-body monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1461778823155-126NDSNIMO0Q5U17EUP5/image-asset.png Neuroblog - How does the brain work in the body? Your nervous system. Source: http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy-images/nervous_system.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1461778881339-L026QB1DTVP38HQBWK0U/image-asset.png Neuroblog - How does the brain work in the body? The Commuter Rail system in the Greater Boston area. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/7th-graders-ask-brainy-questions-about-neuroscience monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/sharpening-your-senses-mechanisms-for-multisensory-integration monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1461780034302-KYSHG41ZUBNVUA0OZWVH/Lyle_Overbay_catch_1st_base.jpg Neuroblog - Sharpening your senses: mechanisms for multisensory integration Lyle Overbay integrates multiple sources of sensory information. Source: Graham Richter, Wikimedia. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/8t4wlr4ckrjfvhnxlnz6hwfje3nxkf monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1461005443829-GNDSZ2UJ2JHLC4SAKTIM/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Getting into Brain Waves: History and Resources Figure 1: EEG is non-stationary Top: simulation of 8 seconds of EEG data. Multiple frequencies contribute to the raw signal to varying degrees, which change over time. Bottom: normalized histograms of the EEG over 2-second windows. The probability distribution of the signal changes over time. From left to right: 0-2 seconds, 2-4 seconds, 4-6 seconds, 6-8 seconds. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/pharmacology-dog-breeding-and-big-data-q-and-a-emmanuel-mignot monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/the-tax-labyrinth monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1460266204849-BDB0NHRTPQF8BBOG9ZYB/Hess_Frustration Neuroblog - The Tax Labyrinth Source: Frustration, by Peter Alfred Hess, on Flickr. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1460265414143-CZTFDAJVYNWWMX3WU2V5/Koford_LOLCats_2875.jpg Neuroblog - The Tax Labyrinth Source: Laugh-Out-Loud Cats #2875, by Adam Koford/ApeLad. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e17-indira-raman monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e16-ege-kavalali monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e15-paola-arlotta monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/cross-talking-lines-of-communication-in-the-addicted-brain monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1457908762542-CZ9QWYLCYW7S0W7YTOAZ/PK_cocaine Neuroblog - Cross-talking Lines of Communication in the Addicted Brain Sherlock contemplating the struggle. Photo credit: Flickr user bellaphon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1456782953667-V3VRPWDM9KZPTTHZO6JJ/PK_NAc_diagram Neuroblog - Cross-talking Lines of Communication in the Addicted Brain http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/new-blog-on-the-b monthly 0.5 2016-03-10 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/j530f20hhqudhxu3kxx5jg256dq5di monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1457565264691-BFAPU3PHN46OEIXA8AHN/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Bimanual labor: the neuroscience of piano playing 2 hands giving you trouble? Try coordinating 8 tentacles! http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e14-adam-cohen monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/sensopathy monthly 0.5 2021-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/why-do-humans-hallucinate-on-little-sleep monthly 0.5 2016-06-10 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e13-kristin-branson monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e12-eric-nestler monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e11-okihide-hikosaka monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/to-understand-the-brain-meet-the-players-involved monthly 0.5 2016-01-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1453936392406-32CQHGB8DGXP0D6D2LEZ/Williams_DL2_A.jpg Neuroblog - To understand the brain, meet the players involved: characterizing the cell types of the cortex Cajal Sketch of neurons in Cat Brain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1453937690393-6N04CSS1XXRR0X140433/Williams_DL2_B.png Neuroblog - To understand the brain, meet the players involved: characterizing the cell types of the cortex Depictions of the unique shapes of different inhibitory neurons in the Cortex (Panel from Fig 1 in Jiang et al. 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1453937829178-2AV8W7VN9MSQU3TJ7M3J/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - To understand the brain, meet the players involved: characterizing the cell types of the cortex Fig 3: Map of cortical circuitry (Panel from Fig 6 in Jiang et al. 2015) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e10-bernardo-sabatini monthly 0.5 2016-01-26 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e9-richard-huganir monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/all-different-and-yet-the-same-searching-for-biological-similarities-between-individuals-with-autism monthly 0.5 2016-01-18 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/is-leadership-in-your-blood-sort-of monthly 0.5 2016-01-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1452298311041-2F5UZ215HKTQ8BX8F5O5/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Is dominance in your blood? Top: Acts of aggression can result in lethal injuries in the socially living rhesus macaque monkeys. Unnecessary violence can be avoided by establishing strict dominance hierarchies in which individuals show their dominant or submissive status. Photo by Kevin Rosenfield. Bottom: Rhesus macaque monkey being displaced by another individual. The monkey on the right is displaying a fear grimace, a signal of submission from which researchers infer the dominance of the monkey on the left. Photo by Dr. Alexander Georgiev. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/plateau-potentials-help-mice-make-mental-maps monthly 0.5 2016-01-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1452212922179-E4H3LDC1FNEKVGRGN6FQ/MC_placecell Neuroblog - Plateau potentials help mice make mental maps Place cells in the hippocampus become active when an animal is in a certain location in its environment. Dots of the same color depict the places where each cell became active as the rat explored its environment. Image credit: Stuartlayton, Wikipedia. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e8-tomomi-shimogori monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/no-accounting-for-taste-giant-sloths-ancient-pumpkins-and-evolutionary-genetics-in-bitter-taste-receptors monthly 0.5 2016-01-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1452194443385-G7QT5XEBGNZWG345RNCR/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - No accounting for taste? Giant sloths, ancient pumpkins, and evolutionary genetics in bitter taste receptors. Gourds! Squash! Author: Ian Patterson. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1452194838277-B2HZODJENRJPVUKB692S/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - No accounting for taste? Giant sloths, ancient pumpkins, and evolutionary genetics in bitter taste receptors. Restoration of Giant Ground Sloths (M. americanum) by Robert Bruce Horsfall. Source: Wikipedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1452195019132-RXCC8MGYBZ05OZUY2SEJ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - No accounting for taste? Giant sloths, ancient pumpkins, and evolutionary genetics in bitter taste receptors. Mastodon, the natural predator of bitter squashes and gourds. Source: Wikipedia http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/s638li8ayfh4kg6nkrnbr7lxrzn1ui monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e9-tianyi-mao monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s3e10-takaki-komiyama monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e8-nils-brose monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/how-the-immune-system-helps-build-your-brain monthly 0.5 2015-11-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1448299894022-MYP3AAN82O53VBTJPBHQ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - How the immune system helps build your brain A microglia cell, in the mouse hippocampus. Credit: Simon Beggs, Wellcome Images http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/rna-circles-in-your-brain-noise-or-a-new-class-of-genetic-regulators monthly 0.5 2015-11-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1447897171252-OOX4IFHAQ9QN9A8K8QD9/sequence.jpg Neuroblog - RNA Circles In Your Brain: Noise or a New Class of Genetic Regulators? Are circular RNAs just byproducts of a less common chemical reaction, or do they perform a specific function? http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e7-marc-tessier-lavigne monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/pain-in-the-brain monthly 0.5 2015-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1447115632150-4YLEAZZK7P9C9MBI02OT/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Pain in the Brain The path that a “this feels bad” signal travels going from a stubbed toe to the brain, where it is processed and made into the feeling of pain. Source: http://neurowiki2014.wikidot.com/group:pain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1447115741334-3IKEMR0HBC8AIUDNITSJ/sinus.jpg Neuroblog - Pain in the Brain Although nociceptors embedded in your sinuses are in the front of your face, the brain can still interpret sinus pain as coming from the middle of your head. Source: http://ausfp.com/sinus-infection/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1447115914715-421YI9QNE50PJCQ3JJ4Z/image-asset.gif Neuroblog - Pain in the Brain An example of a scintillating scotoma, a type of visual aura that can precede a migraine that might be attributable to cortical spreading depression. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillating_scotoma http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/activating-dormant-neural-stem-cells-for-brain-repair monthly 0.5 2015-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446667561002-FE0KOTBP95AOUJMMVXQL/image-asset.png Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Activating Dormant Neural Stem Cells for Brain Repair http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/brainselfknowledge monthly 0.5 2021-02-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446573573696-OJMS0H2PBC4PZ5G0R0DV/image-asset.png Neuroblog - How much does the brain know about itself? The somatosensory cortex. Source: Wikipedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446573860023-QNO6K0QP8R9ONOLUAQH3/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - How much does the brain know about itself? The sensory homunculus. Source: Wikipedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446575845556-RNN8XTTSW6NOVOPBEDQN/image-asset.png Neuroblog - How much does the brain know about itself? The Hippocampus located within the Human Brain. Adapted from Gray's Anatomy, Plate 739. Source: Wikipedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446574349657-QWEJOOO27X4GR5R66KRK/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - How much does the brain know about itself? Left: Human Hippocampus. Right: Seahorse. Both: Humanity's boundless ability for thinking one thing looks like another thing. Prepared by Laszlo Seress, 1980. Source: Wikipedia Commons http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e5-mark-george monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/brains-that-fo monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1446242038748-EMUQXF4SFLOQ2BLK69EQ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Brains that go bump in the night The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli depicts a woman experiencing sleep paralysis with a nightmarish hallucination. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e4-daniel-dombeck monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/stanford-neuro-at-sfn-2015 monthly 0.5 2015-10-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1444945950171-4H1RXZEGI2XXSF6VE728/Chicago Neuroblog - Stanford Neuro at SfN 2015 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s2e3-peterbandettini monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/new-in-neuroscience-how-twitching-in-your-sleep-helps-your-brain-develop monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1444765091000-HAQ1Z4SPO8NEFFDN4VPB/image-asset.gif Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: How twitching in your sleep helps your brain develop http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/new-in-neuroscience-microglia-in-your-brain-put-their-trust-in-your-gut monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1444116539047-4IEH8KVBPFGLRKNER72I/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Microglia in your brain put their trust in your gut http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-s5e4-anne-churchland monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/new-in-neuroscience-do-neurons-gradually-ramp-or-instantly-step-to-a-decision monthly 0.5 2015-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1443820491008-6NC0002KFI3UGSZE9P11/KH_Fig1 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Do neurons gradually ramp or instantly step to a decision? The ramping model (left) vs. the stepping model (right). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/neurotalk-season-5-episode-1-jie-shen monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/8/25/for-the-love-of-god-take-statistics monthly 0.5 2015-08-27 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/7/17/check-out-new-podcast-from-our-friends-at-ucsfs-carry-the-one-radio monthly 0.5 2015-07-20 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/6/9/bite-sized-brain-science-the-30-second-brain-reviewed monthly 0.5 2015-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1433866009345-7EBAKTF6BZVOJDSGMZKL/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Bite-sized Brain Science: The 30-Second Brain, reviewed http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/6/4/concentrating-to-jog-your-memory monthly 0.5 2015-06-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1433434387750-TZMOVZ4QYPB8YIZHQDW3/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Concentrating to Jog Your Memory Source: http://www.museumofplay.org/ http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/5/18/quick-responses-can-chewing-gum-improve-my-test-scores monthly 0.5 2015-05-27 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/5/18/what-if-your-brain-had-too-many-neurons monthly 0.5 2015-05-18 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/5/17/new-in-neuroscience-pericytes-are-novel-players-in-fueling-the-brain monthly 0.5 2015-05-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1431907813008-WMT8W6HJK6CF4QNK7OC7/JC_KG_1_1 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Pericytes are Novel Players in Fueling the Brain The arteries and veins of the brain, via Wikimedia Commons. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/5/16/getting-into-graduate-school-for-neuroscience monthly 0.5 2015-05-16 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/5/13/neurotalk-s4e13-carl-hart monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/28/restless-legs-syndrome monthly 0.5 2015-04-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1430327344917-H8W6MZKAJOULPUXWPJAN/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Restless Legs Syndrome Human brain frontal (coronal) section. Can you spot the substantia nigra? Hint: it's 2 (bilateral) regions that are substantially darker than the tissue that surrounds them. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/24/new-in-neuroscience monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1430274359473-XQ34G8VKVK5D4TX99I23/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Understanding ALS http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/28/beyond-halle-berry monthly 0.5 2015-04-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1430258259241-DJYH0YRRO1YO20Z3S8UU/image-asset.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Thinking Beyond the Halle Berry Neuron Image Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1430258337777-CCYF2H3W09COW60Z6SCS/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Thinking Beyond the Halle Berry Neuron Image Source http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/27/eureka-the-neuroscience-of-creative-insights monthly 0.5 2015-04-28 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/24/8-tips-for-mastering-your-scientific-conference monthly 0.5 2015-04-30 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/19/new-in-neuroscience-a-change-in-how-we-view-things monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429469378662-1EU21V64O6FTYPQ5AMFV/EA_15_1 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: A Change in How We View Things Figure 1 – RFs encode the visual scene. When centering your eyes at a particular location, in this case the yellow point on top of the left tower, visual RFs encode the surrounding visual scene. Here only 4 RFs are illustrated as an example (depicted as transparent yellow circles). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429569739289-CJKVLIW50CIGTAEEC94G/EA_15_2%28reup%29 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: A Change in How We View Things Figure 2 – Predictive remapping. Top, eye fixation remains at the yellow point, but a saccade is being prepared to the orange point above the right tower. This illustrates the presaccadic period (~50ms before saccade execution). According to predictive remapping, RFs presaccadically shift (transparent yellow vectors) during this period following a trajectory that is equal to the saccade vector (opaque yellow vector). Bottom, after the RFs have shifted, the saccade is executed and the eyes move to the orange point. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429470839090-JSELSRMBOOF53Q62WHST/EA_14_3-4 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: A Change in How We View Things Figure 3 – FEF RF Compression around saccade target. Left, panel adapted from figure 2 of Zirnsak et al., 2014. RFs shifting before a saccade from FP1 to FP2. Vector origins and endpoints represent FEF RF centers before and after shifting respectively. Grey vectors represent theoretical shifts that would follow predictive remapping. Gold vectors represent actual measured presaccadic shifts. Right, following the Golden Gate Bridge example from Figures 1 and 2, Zirnsak et al.’s results show that rather than shifting based on predictive remapping, RFs converge around the location of the imminent saccade. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1429469671957-B9S48PJ0XQL7LBVRZOVP/EA_14_5 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: A Change in How We View Things Figure 4 – Presaccadic compression of visual field. Adapted from figure 4 of Ross et al., 1997. Based on Zirnsak et al.’s findings, presaccadic compression of RFs in FEF may underlie a known psychophysical effect where human subjects mislocalize presaccadically flashed probes as being closer to saccade targets than they actually are. Top, a visual scene depicting another famous bridge. Human subjects were asked to saccade from the left red point to the right red point and the bridge scene was flashed once before the saccade. Bottom, when flashed <100ms before the saccade, subjects reported the scene as depicted (compressed towards the saccade target). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/14/neurotalk-s4e11-virginia-lee monthly 0.5 2015-04-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/14/neurotalk-s4e10-elly-nedivi monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/14/neurotalk-s4e12-rui-costa monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/4/14/neurotalk-podcast-season-3-archive monthly 0.5 2015-04-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/3/28/new-in-neuroscience-why-treats-come-after-training monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1427594730361-033E9NLNPKBRZUIORAGA/SAS_1_1 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Why Treats Come After Training Figure 1. Reinforcement Learning. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1427594702533-NJLX7V6OU26VQP11DWFA/SAS_1_2 Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Why Treats Come After Training Figure 2. Medium Spiny Neurons and Spines. Left, a medium spiny neuron labeled in green, with many dendrites projecting outwards. Right, a single dendrite with many spines budding outwards. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1427595260711-TKTF14950X88TGPZ1V86/image-asset.png Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Why Treats Come After Training Figure 3. Panels taken from figure 1 of Yagishita et al., 2014. B) Experimental setup. Two-photon glutamate uncaging with a 720 nm laser (red). Optogenetically-induced dopamine release with a 457 nm laser (blue). D1R MSNs are patched and filled with Alexa488 (green). C) Each laser induces intended stimulus. E) Spine growth happens on the order of minutes, and persists for a long time (50 minutes). N) Dopamine release (blue bars/arrows) is paired at various time points with glutamatergic stimulation. O) The variable timing of dopamine release generates variable changes in spine size (ΔVH). http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/3/23/randomness-in-the-brain monthly 0.5 2015-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1427159316611-WSML49U5C6YHUY6UB4W8/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - A Surprising Use for Randomness in the Brain The donkey who could not decide. Source http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/3/12/httpssoundcloudcomneuwritewestneurotalk-lorenzstuder monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/2/26/new-in-neuroscience-pay-attention-to-this-not-that monthly 0.5 2015-03-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1424993354373-1AAZQ5BOV76OJBP0BCUI/listen+-+ignore+switch.jpg Neuroblog - New in Neuroscience: Pay Attention to this, not that http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/2/16/to-sleep-perchance-to-feed-the-cat monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/2/16/neurotalk-s4-e7-loren-frank monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/2/7/neurotransmitters-not-simply-one-per-neuron monthly 0.5 2015-02-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1423355082706-CF8KHCS0L653O8TK1BZX/Screen+Shot+2015-02-07+at+4.07.18+PM.png Neuroblog - Newsflash from 1976: neurons can release more than one neurotransmitter Various forms of neurotransmitter co-transmission: I. None, II. Partial/Full somatic co-labeling with A. Synapses releasing both multiple neurotransmitters, B. Individual axon branches containing distinct neurotransmitters, or C. Individual synapses releasing a single neurotransmitter. Image source: my 2011 qualifying exam presentation. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/2/4/ask-a-neuroscientist-on-sleep-and-memory monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/1/21/ask-a-neuroscientist-diagnosing-anterograde-amnesia monthly 0.5 2015-01-22 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2015/1/3/ask-a-neuroscientist-whats-a-spike-train monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1420300473426-JWLQXWT5XE3OPKZK0BQY/monkeyctx.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: What's a spike train? Spike trains from 30 neurons from a monkey cortex. Short vertical bars represent spikes; horizontal axis represents time. Source: Krüger and Aiple, 1988. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/12/16/ask-a-neuroscientist-auditory-hallucinations monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/28/remembering-neuroscientist-allison-doupe monthly 0.5 2014-10-28 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/22/neurotalk-s3e6-elena-gracheva monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/14/have-more-fun-neurotalk-s3e5-randy-buckner monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/10/neurotalk-s3e4-highlight-reel monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/7/brains-bourbon-shots-matt-figley-the-neuro-yeast monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/2/ctnc2ez1tf0v1rmeqng11h9oi42wc2 monthly 0.5 2014-10-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1412299154444-V8TF1Y4RQWINRODOD58P/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - NIH announces first round of BRAIN Initiative Awards Dr. Mark Schnitzer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1412299175502-5JNQYGX7SOXCDV4B9QAQ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - NIH announces first round of BRAIN Initiative Awards Dr. Michael Lin http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/2/ask-a-neuroscientist-the-limits-of-handedness monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1412285093636-ZR8023JI18JEHJQFES98/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: The Limits of Handedness The sensory homunculus. Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/1/ask-a-neuroscientist-what-is-the-origin-of-psychopathology monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1412205002549-CY0PAG7X0Q02FARP4KUZ/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: What is the origin of psychopathology? One of Santiago Ramon y Cajal's famously precise drawings of neurons. From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1412205101444-QM5QKTR1OL4Z5A2VL5MR/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: What is the origin of psychopathology? Freud's sketch of his proposed neuronal basis of repression, from Project for a Scientific Psychology. He proposed that repression requires inhibition of neuronal activity, but no one had yet discovered that neurons communicate with neurotransmitters, including the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. In this sketch, he tries to show how inhibition could be achieved by diverting neuronal activity away from its intended destination, almost like water or electrical current. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/10/1/ask-a-neuroscientist-electrical-terrors-in-space monthly 0.5 2014-10-02 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/9/30/neurotalk-s3e3-michael-shadlen monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/9/19/brains-bourbon-ep18-rethinking-brain-tumors monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/2014/9/14/ask-a-neuroscientist-how-does-the-brain-balance-fear-and-desire monthly 0.5 2014-10-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1410755239812-0UQHZYPWRA70G5C0LKMO/image-asset.jpeg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: How does the brain balance fear and desire? 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Source: Wikipedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250370433-927G8B495XTW5KPEA4PF/Atelomycterus_marmoratus_1.jpg Neuroblog - How to be absolutely fascinating at your New Years Party Banded Catshark. Source: Wikipedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250374648-L8CXS6602B04A3B0BO2Z/Screen-Shot-2013-12-29-at-6.17.21-PM.png Neuroblog - How to be absolutely fascinating at your New Years Party Cross-section through sparrow fovea. Source: Lockie, 1952. http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5267 monthly 0.5 2014-01-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250374154-JPU4F9Q9IQDQOYN1DDFO/Schrodiners-Toolbelt.png Neuroblog - Schroedinger’s Utility Belt, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Randomness http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5247 monthly 0.5 2014-01-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250376244-7QZD3NVWXSDG0G45R8I5/radiolab1-990x500.jpg Neuroblog - An Obviously Dangerous Idea https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250376244-7QZD3NVWXSDG0G45R8I5/radiolab1-990x500.jpg Neuroblog - An Obviously Dangerous Idea http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5221 monthly 0.5 2014-03-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1395373819864-S6G2QEJOB3BDAK2AGTCE/Lady_Murasaki_writing.png Neuroblog - Getting to Novice: What I’ve figured out so far about how to become a science writer Lady_Murasaki_writing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250377096-I9FWEAP4M9I49JOBJAZ7/woman-writing-letters-by-charles-dana-gibson.jpg Neuroblog - Getting to Novice: What I’ve figured out so far about how to become a science writer woman-writing-letters-by-charles-dana-gibson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250376522-6WRMJAMAG0VO9EA0VFD9/redpen.jpg Neuroblog - Getting to Novice: What I’ve figured out so far about how to become a science writer redpen http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/ask-a-neuro-tetrachromacy monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250372474-FCJYWI2F0K636MOQ6VCZ/HT.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250367200-7OWS98PQXMB29P36WZAD/1.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy Preferred absorbance of each opsin: S, M, and L are the cone opsins. Rhodopsin (R) is present only in rod cells, and is not relevant for color. Note: computer screens cannot display violet. Adapted from Wikimedia Commons, 1 and 2. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250367365-G3KWSXX8W3C42L34SUP9/2.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy An RGB color slider lets you choose the intensity of each color channel to make the color on the right (source). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250367889-8GF81KOMMFDTW2C11W6P/3.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy Tortoiseshell cat displaying X-inactivation (Source). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250368101-WQ7LKPA1SAX2YZ2CD39I/4.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy Dalton the male squirrel monkey was treated with S-opsin. The picture on the left was altered to simulate what Dalton would probably have seen before the treatment, while the picture on the right is what he would have seen as a newly minted trichromat. Source: Neitz lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250369545-6SF3NNDFDHRFBQ549V8Q/5.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Human Tetrachromacy Cone excitation ratios are drawn as the height of the cone’s excitation spectrum at the point of the given wavelengths. A normal trichromat will have his/her cones excited in the same ratio by yellow light of this wavelength and this particular mixture of red and green light. Even with different pairs of red and green wavelengths, you could adjust the intensity of each to excite the red and green cone cells in the desired amount and ratio. A tetrachromat, however, will find the mixture to be missing a color component. Source: S.Katta http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5165 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250375351-49WEQ24B5FA5TDE65K3J/Suicide.gif Neuroblog - Making the right impression https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250375351-49WEQ24B5FA5TDE65K3J/Suicide.gif Neuroblog - Making the right impression Suicide http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5107 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250370196-1LPELZNSFVE0KRFJI2RP/Anatomy.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Why does the nervous system decussate? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250376921-W2LCCYTNX2N7V3CI1EXM/sponges.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Why does the nervous system decussate? Sponges. No known nervous tissue here. Still an animal. Source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250370196-1LPELZNSFVE0KRFJI2RP/Anatomy.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Why does the nervous system decussate? Earthworm, Bony Fish, and Chicken. (Sources: 1, 2, 3) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250376179-MCVF2JBK0DLC23BCYGLN/new-species-acorn-worm-vibrant-magenta_44074_600x450.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Why does the nervous system decussate? Acorn Worm, your closest invertebrate relative. (Source) http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5101 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5063 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250327805-PEZJA16BJJW6L49OMZFL/AskANeuroscientist.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250374064-A60RLQQ6EIU79ZSKG5N7/PursuitRotorTask.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness Pursuit Rotor Task Screen Shot https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250371737-FK773L0V965JHQQPWABR/Exp2Setup.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness Exp2Setup https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250373593-J183HKOCNHE2MO9EM1TT/M1BrainStimLearning.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness Left M1 brain stimulation causes improved skill learning https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250373780-3F01TJR2YUATQB5ZLD3Q/M1BrainStimbyHand.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness Results of left and right M1 brain stimulation during learning broken down by hand https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250377028-QYE0GFNXFKWB7WXX137O/subjectinscanner.png Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Motor Skills and Handedness subjectinscanner http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5045 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250327805-PEZJA16BJJW6L49OMZFL/AskANeuroscientist.jpg Neuroblog - Ask a Neuroscientist: Spoken versus Written Language http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5035 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5025 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5019 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/5013 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4993 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250361933-JTL31HQRGPXAQG5V2BE9/MoleKC.jpg Neuroblog - Learning about touch sensation from an unlikely creature, the star-nosed mole https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389250361933-JTL31HQRGPXAQG5V2BE9/MoleKC.jpg Neuroblog - Learning about touch sensation from an unlikely creature, the star-nosed mole Starry-nosed mole http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4931 monthly 0.5 2014-01-15 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4925 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4919 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4913 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 http://www.neuwritewest.org/blog/4791 monthly 0.5 2021-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754716700-WCFP7OQ5IYDK5UWKIT59/1.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754716704-60ZE4XYB4FD925X0PVN4/2.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754724247-X5OTTQLZJBGWGJFQDTTH/3.jpg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754716983-2NYKUCYES7XNBW6TFWYW/4.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754717227-MJR9631U2K7EKK5RF4OD/5.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754717426-URSNTW7Z78SU9J2V946E/6.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754717614-FLYFW13QHAH4BD5XF2G4/7.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; Pajamas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52ce318fe4b05da9bada2a07/1389754717743-WIRKVKMH4MMM4L8IR69T/8.jpeg Neuroblog - NeuroTalk S2E3 Penguins &amp; 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